The history of veterinary medicine in Namibia
Until the middle of the 19th century, very few references exist regarding the occurrence of animal diseases in Namibia. With the introduction of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in 1859, this picture changed completely and livestock owners implemented various forms of disease control in an effort to contain the spread of this disease and minimise its devastating effects. After the establishment of the colonial administration in 1884, the first animal disease legislation was introduced in 1887 and the first veterinarian, Dr Wilhelm Rickmann, arrived in 1894. CBPP and the outbreak of rinderpest in 1897 necessitated a greatly expanded veterinary infrastructure and the first veterinary laboratory was erected at Gammams near Windhoek in 1897. To prevent the spread of rinderpest, a veterinary cordon line was established, which was the very beginning of the Veterinary Cordon Fence as it is known today. After the First World War, a small but dedicated corps of veterinarians again built up an efficient animal health service in the following decades, with veterinary private practice developing from the mid–1950s. The veterinary profession organised itself in 1947 in the form of a veterinary association and, in 1984, legislation was passed to regulate the veterinary profession by the establishment of the Veterinary Council of Namibia. The outbreak of foot and mouth disease in 1961 was instrumental in the creation of an effective veterinary service, meeting international veterinary standards of quality and performance which are still maintained today.
Herbert P. Schneider
http://www.jsava.co.za/index.php/jsava/article/view/4
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
2012
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English
Namibia and external resources : the case of Swedish development assistance
What is the role of international development assistance in a newly independent country such as Namibia? The two studies in this report give some inputs to the discussion on the benefits and problems of aid. One focuses on macro-economics, resource distribution and effects of international development assistance in general. The other is an analysis of the impact of Swedish development assistance.
Bertil Odén
http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:273471/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Nordic Africa Institute
1994
© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
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English
Elite land grabbing in Namibian communal areas and its impact on subsistence farmers’ livelihoods
Large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors in Africa for agricultural purposes continue to capture attention worldwide. In recent years Namibia has received some proposals from multi-national agricultural corporations to develop large scale irrigation projects, mainly in Namibia’s water rich north-eastern regions However, to date none of these proposed large scale projects have materialised.
Willem Odendaal
http://www.plaas.org.za/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/PB%2033.pdf
Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape
2011
© Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, 2011
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English
Livelihoods after Land Reform: Namibia Country Report (pt. 2)
In 1990, Namibia emerged from colonial rule with a skewed distribution of agricultural land and high levels of poverty. The new government led by SWAPO Party initiated a process to address the land question within the first few months of Independence. A National Conference on Land Reform and the Land Question in 1991 was the foundation on which the Namibian government developed its land reform programme. The Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation started in 1990 to acquire freehold farmland for subdivision and allocation to previously disadvantaged Namibians. This component of redistributive land reform was complemented by the Affirmative Action Loan Scheme (AALS) established in 1992. The AALS provided subsidised loans to previously disadvantaged Namibians to acquire large-scale commercial farms under freehold title. The primary objectives of land reform in Namibia were to address injustices which largescale land dispossession had brought about, and to reduce poverty and inequality. However, little empirical work has been done to assess the impact of land redistribution on poverty levels and the livelihoods of beneficiaries. The most comprehensive survey on the impact of land redistribution was conducted by the Permanent Technical Team on Land Reform (PTT) in 2003/04. The primary objective of this survey on “livelihoods after land reform” is to add to the existing body of knowledge on land redistribution. Through case studies in Hardap and Omaheke Regions, the survey explored the extent to which land redistribution is reducing poverty and meeting livelihood improvement objectives.
Wolfgang Werner
Legal Assistance Centre
2010
© Land, Environment and Development Project, Legal Assistance Centre, 2010
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English
Livelihoods after Land Reform: Namibia Country Report (pt. 1)
In 1990, Namibia emerged from colonial rule with a skewed distribution of agricultural land and high levels of poverty. The new government led by SWAPO Party initiated a process to address the land question within the first few months of Independence. A National Conference on Land Reform and the Land Question in 1991 was the foundation on which the Namibian government developed its land reform programme. The Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation started in 1990 to acquire freehold farmland for subdivision and allocation to previously disadvantaged Namibians. This component of redistributive land reform was complemented by the Affirmative Action Loan Scheme (AALS) established in 1992. The AALS provided subsidised loans to previously disadvantaged Namibians to acquire large-scale commercial farms under freehold title. The primary objectives of land reform in Namibia were to address injustices which largescale land dispossession had brought about, and to reduce poverty and inequality. However, little empirical work has been done to assess the impact of land redistribution on poverty levels and the livelihoods of beneficiaries. The most comprehensive survey on the impact of land redistribution was conducted by the Permanent Technical Team on Land Reform (PTT) in 2003/04. The primary objective of this survey on “livelihoods after land reform” is to add to the existing body of knowledge on land redistribution. Through case studies in Hardap and Omaheke Regions, the survey explored the extent to which land redistribution is reducing poverty and meeting livelihood improvement objectives.
Wolfgang Werner
http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/livelihoods_report_a.pdf
Legal Assistance Centre
2010
© Land, Environment and Development Project, Legal Assistance Centre, 2010
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English
FARMER'S SELECTION OF LOCAL AND IMPROVED PEARL MILLET VARIETIES IN OVAMBOLAND, NORTHERN NAMIBIA
A new and improved cultivar of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Okashana-1, was released in Namibia in 1990 and was rapidly adopted in Ovamboland. However, as most farmers do not buy new seeds each year, any genetic trials of the cultivar on actual farms would be affected by cross-pollination. The present study clarified the characteristics of Okashana-1, as found on actual farms. In addition, this research also examined the interrela- tionships between the environmental status, traditions, livelihood, and subsistence activities in the study area and the cultivar characteristics.
Daisuke Uno
http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/68457
African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2005), 30: 107-117
2005
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English
Landwirtschaft und ihre Nebenbetriebe in Südwestafrika
Doctoral Dissertation on agrarian structure and agriculture policies during the German colonial period. Written in 1913 at the University of Heidelberg
Emmerich Schubert
Namibia Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft
Universität zu Heidelberg
1913
PDF
German
An economic and social history of the Herero of Namibia, 1915-1946
PhD Dissertation (University of Cape Town)
Wolfgang Werner
https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/15858
University of Cape Town
1989
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English
Land Cover Change in the Okavango River Basin - Historical changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality
Masters thesis in Water Resources and Livelihood Security - "The Okavango river flows from southern Angola, through the Kavango region of Namibia and into the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The recent peace in Angola hopefully marks the end of the intense suffering that the peoples of the river basin have endured, and the beginning of sustainable decision-making in the area. Informed decision-making however requires knowledge; and there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge regarding basin-wide land cover (LC) changes, and their causes, during the Angolan civil war in the basin. Furthermore, there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge on how expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth along the Angola-Namibia border affects the water quality of the river. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a remote sensing method applicable to the basin (with scant ground-truth data availability) to carry out a systematic historic study of LC changes during the Angolan civil war, to apply the method to the basin, to relate these changes to major societal trends in the region, and to analyse potential impacts of expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth on the water quality of the river along the Angola-Namibia border. A range of remote sensing methods to study historic LC changes in the basin were tried and evaluated against reference data collected during a field visit in Namibia in October 2005. Eventually, two methods were selected and applied to pre-processed Landsat MSS and ETM+ satellite image mosaics of 1973 and 2001 respectively: 1. a combined unsupervised classification and pattern-recognition change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed binary LC class change trajectory information and, 2. an NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed continuous information on degrees of change in vegetation vigour. In addition, available documents and people initiated in the basin conditions were consulted in the pursuit of discerning major societal trends that the basin had undergone during the Angolan civil war. Finally, concentrations of nutrients (total phosphorous & total nitrogen), bacteria (faecal coliforms & faecal streptococci), conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and Secchi depth were sampled at 11 locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities and an urban area during the aforementioned field visit. The nature, extent and geographical distribution of LC changes in the study area during the Angolan civil war were determined. The study area (150 922 km2) was the Angolan and Namibian parts of the basin. The results indicate that the vegetation vigour is dynamic and has decreased overall in the area, perhaps connected with precipitation differences between the years. However while the vigour decreased in the northwest, it increased in the northeast, and on more local scales the pattern was often more complex. With respect to migration out of Angola into Namibia, the LC changes followed expectations of more intense use in Namibia close to the border (0-5 km), but not at some distance (10-20 km), particularly east of Rundu. With respect to urbanisation, expectations of increased human impact locally were observed in e.g. Rundu, Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale. Road deterioration was also observed with Angolan urbanisation but some infrastructures appeared less damaged by the war. Some villages (e.g. Savitangaiala de Môma) seem to have been abandoned during the war so that the vegetation could regenerate, which was expected. But other villages (e.g. Techipeio) have not undergone the same vegetation regeneration suggesting they were not abandoned. The areal extent of large-scale agriculture increased 59% (26 km2) during the war, perhaps as a consequence of population growth. But the expansion was not nearly at par with the population growth of the Kavango region (320%), suggesting that a smaller proportion of the population relied on the large-scale agriculture for their subsistence in 2001 compared with 1973. No significant impacts were found from the large-scale agriculture and urbanisation on the water quality during the dry season of 2005. Total phosphorous concentrations (with range: 0.067-0.095 mg l-1) did vary significantly between locations (p=0.013) but locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities were not significantly different (p=0.5444). Neither did faecal coliforms (range: 23-63 counts per 100ml) nor faecal streptococci (range: 8-33 counts per 100ml) vary significantly between locations (p=0.332 and p=0.354 respectively). Thus the impact of Rundu and the extensive livestock farming along the border were not significant at this time. The Cuito river on the other hand significantly decreased both the conductivity (range: 27.2-49.7 μS cm-1, p<0.0001) and the total dissolved solid concentration (range: 12.7-23.4 mg l-1, p<0.0001) of the mainstream of the Okavango during the dry season. Land cover changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality were studied in this research effort. Many of the obtained results can be used directly or with further application as a knowledge base for sustainable decision-making and management in the basin. Wisely used by institutions charged with that objective, the information can contribute to sustainable development and the ending of suffering and poverty for the benefit of the peoples of the Okavango and beyond."
Jafet Andersson
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Aliu%3Adiva-7152
Linköping University
2006
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English
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1989
1. Die Karakoeltelersgenootskap - 70 jaar oud - B. von Kunow
2. 50 jaar aktiewe van die KTG - B. von Kunow
3. An anatomical comparison of the rumen and reticulum of black, grey and white Kakakul Lambs - H.B. Groenewald & K.K. Booth
4. Benutting van natuurlike weiding - C.J. Visser
5. Besteht ein maternaler effekt auf Muster und Haar Beim neugeborenen Karakullamm - H.E. Matter
6. Die omvang en aard van swart hare by wit karakoele - P.H. Hugo
7. Die benutting van die vel sowel as die karkas van 'n Karakoellam - P.H. Hugo
8. Hardap Karakoeltoetssentrum - Die eerste toets - W.H. Visser & W.A. Coetzee
9. 'n Ondersoek na paarstelsels by Karakoelskape op Kalahari Profplaas - W.H. Visser, P.J. le Roux, G.J. Agenbag & D. Visser
10. Die Karakoelskaap - B. von Kunow
11. Algemene oorsig oor die Internasionale Pelsmark - Karakoelraad van SWA/Namibia
12. Die voedingswaarde en benutting van lusern vier intensiewe kleinveeproduksie - A.G. Bezuidenhout
13. Sales results 1988
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1989
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1988
1. Various pages of commemoration - C.J.S van der Wath
2. Die toetssentrum vir Karakoelramme - V. van der Westhuizen
3. Karakoelteelpraktyke in perspektief - M.G. Steyn
4. Produksie van wit pelse? - P.H. Hugo
5. Influence of season of birth on sexual maturity in Karakul ewe lambs - A.S. Faure, J.C. Morgenthal, F.J.L. Burger
6. Geslagsrypheid en reproduksievermoe van Karakoelooie in twee voedingsisteme - A.S. Faure, J.C. Morgenthal, F.J.L. Burger
7. Puberteit en testisgroei in Karakoelramme gebore gedurende verskillende seisoene - A.S. Faure, J.C. Morgenthal, F.J.L. Burger
8. Die Zweischenlammzeit beim Karakulschaf - Ursachen Ihrer Variation - H.E. Matter
9. Trampling by Small Stock - P.W. Roux & P.A. Schlebusch
10. Untersuchungen zur Fleischleistung des Karakulschafes in SWA-Namibia - H.E. Matter
11. Die verwerking van lusern - A.G. Bezuidenhout
12. Uittreksel uit die jaarverslag van die Karakoelraad van SWA 1987/8
13. Sales Results 1987
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1988
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1987
1. Eignet sich das Karakulschaf zur Fleischnutzung? - H.E. Matter
2. Nageslagstoetsing by Karakoelskape - B. von Kunow
3. Correlations of presence of seminal white blood cells and the prevalence of separated spermatozoal heads with subclinical Bucella ovis infection in rams - JAVMA
4. Grasdraertermiete in die Karakoelstreke van SWA & RSA - P.F. Horn
5. Rekenarisering by die Karakoeltelersgenootskap - B. von Kunow
6. Advances in Geeldikkop research - E.M. van Tonder
7. Uittreksels uit die Jaarverslag van die Karakoelraad van SWA/Namibia vir die Period 1986-1987 - Karakoelraad
8. Sales results 1986
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1987
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1986
1. Bleaching of Karakul Pelts - A.E. Russel
2. Die umwelt - ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor auf die Fruchtbarkeit beim Karakulschaf - H.E. Matter
3. Nagelslagstoetsing by Karakoele - D.S. de Lange
4. Uittreksels uit die Jaarverslag van die Karakoelraad van SWA 1985
5. Phosphorus supplementation of Karakoel sheep grazing natural pasture - A.S. Faure, G.J. Minnaar, F.J.J. Burger
6. Nuusflitse - Karakoelnavorsingstasie Upington
7. Sales Results 1985
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1986
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1985
1. Raseienskappe van die volwasse Karakoel - Raad van die KTG
2. Geskiedkundige oorsig van die Karakoelskaap ten opsigte van sy herkoms, wereldverspeiding en ontwikkeling in Suider Afrika - G.F. Mueller
3. KZV - Prozente und/oder Zuechter Punkte - H.E. Matter
4. Enkele gedragspatrone van skape - G. van N. du Toit
5. Die verwantskap tussen ouderdomm, liggaamsmassa en gemiddelde testisomstrek vy Karakoelramme - W.H. Visser & S.J.P. Voordewind
6. Pigmentiose hare by swart Karakoele - P.H. Hugo & S.J.P. Voordewind
7. Crimean-Congo harmorrhagic fever and the livestock farmer - I.G. Horak & R. Swanepoel
8. Wat Se die Boere? Wat Se die Data? - various
9. Bestuursaspekte wat van belang is rondom paartye - W.H. Visser
10. Bestuursaspekte wat van belang is rondom lamtyd asook die bekamping van lamverliese - W.H. Visser
11. Rekordhouding by Karakoelskape - W.H. Visser
12. Bevriesing van ramsemen en 'n nuwe inseminasie tegniek van ooie - Taurus Koop
13. Sale Results 1984
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1985
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1984
1. Barunzuechtung und Braunproduktion - Bruinteling en Bruinproduksie - W. Luesse
2. Fotografering van karakoellammers - M.G. Steyn
3. Vleisproduksie uit Krakoelskape - L.P. Volsoo, A.C. Grove, H.L.B. Bosman
4. Reproduksie by Karakoelskape - D.A. Boschoff
5. Uitsoek van Ramme vier Teeltdoeleindes - M.G. Steyn
6. Die rol van water by Herkouers - P.J.L. Zeeman
7. Waarom word so min kleurpelse geproduseer - G.B. Albertyn
8. Sales results 1983
9. Invloed van voeding op pelseienskappe - W.H. Visser
10. Die relatiewe ekonomiese belang van pelseienskappe - S.J. Schoeman
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1984
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1983
1. Karakoelboerdery vandag - M.G. Steyn
2. Letale Faktore en Ander erflike gebreke by Karakoelskape - J.A. Nel & S.C. Slippers
3. Die Weerstelsels van SWA - J.J. Taljaard
4. Die Teling van Karakoelskape - 'n oorsig - S.J. Schoeman
5. Zum Leistungsvermoegen des Karakulbockes beim Haremssprung - H.E. Matter
6. Sertifisering van Ramme - E.M. van Tonder
7. Summary: Durability studies on a selection of natural black Swakara Pelts - A.E. Russel & N. Maher
8. Sales Results 1982
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1983
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1982
1. 75 Jarige bestaan van die Karakoelskaap in SWA - B. von Kunow
2. Beskrywing van Karakoellammers en die beoordeling van fotos - KTG Raad
3. Kleuroorerwing en die belang van kleurvariasie by Karakoelpelsproduksie - J.A. Nel & J.B. van Wyk
4. Droogtevoeding van Karakoelskape - A.P. v N. Albertyn & Jeanette R. Albertyn
5. Der Zuchtwert von Karakulschafen - eine Zuchtkarteianalyse - H. E. Matter
6. Praktiese reproduksieprobleme by skape. Practical disorders of reproduction in Sheep - M. van Tonder
7. Sales Results 1981
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1982
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1981
1. Haarkwaliteit van Swakara pelse - G.F. Meuller
2. Die invloed van kleurvariasie op die mortaliteit en reprooduksievermoe by die wit karakoel - S.J. Schoeman
3. Belangrike aspekte van voeding - W. Visser
4. Peculiarities in Sur Colour Karakul Breeding - U. Sagdellaev
5. The Origin of Grey Karakul Sheep - A.V.I. Stoyanovskay
6. Der Zuchtwert von Karakulboecken - Eine Zuchkarteianalyse - H.E. Matter
7. Letale faktore en ander erflike gebreke by Krakoele - A.S. Faure
8. Stertafsetting en Kastrasie van Karakoele - P.H. Hugo
9. Ueberlegungen zur Entwicklung der Pelzwirtschaft under besonder Beruecksichtigung von Persianern und Swakara, sowie den Veraenderungun von Gesellschaft und Lebensstil - J. Thorer
10. Sales results 1980
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1981
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1980
1. Groepteelskemas - hul aard, omvang, onderliggende genetiese basis en moontlike rol in die praktyk - Jan Hofmeyr
2. Waarnemings uit die histologiese fase van S-haarprojek - P.H. Hugo
3. Der Zuchtwert von Karakoelboeken - eine Zuchtkarteianalyse 2 - H.E. Matter
4. Die selekisewaarde van verskillende pelseienskappe - A.J.A. van Niekerk
5. Uittreksels uit die 1977-78 verslag oor Karakoelnavorsing in die OVS-Streek - Karakoelnavorsingstasie Upington
6. Uittreksels uit die Verslag oor landbounavorsing in SWA 1979 - Direktoraat van Landbou en Bosbou
7 - Sales results 1979
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1980
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German
Yearbook of the Karakul Breeders Association, 1979
1. Die verandering van seker pelshoedanighede vanaf die Karakoellam na die ru pels - J.A. Nel, S.J. Schoeman, E.M. Coetzee
2. Der Zuchtwert von Karakulboecken - eine Zuchtarteianalyse - H.E. Matter
3. The Relation between Martindale abrasion rates and normal wear in Karakul Pelts - G.F. Mueller, A.E. Russel
4. Unser Pelsmark in Uebersee und einige Fongerungen die der Zuechter daraus ziehen sollte - W. Luesse
5. Die Oorerflikheid van Karakoelpelseienskappe - A.J.A. van Niekerk
6. Teelt- en seleksiemetodes vir Karakoelpelseienskappe - A.J.A. van Niekerk
7. Die rol van kleur by Karakoelpelsproduksie - A.S. Faure
8. Die infektioese Nebenhodenentzuendung bei Schafen - A.M.A. Schmidt-Dumont
9. More effective worm control, using laboratory aids - H.C. Biggs
10. Die Sogenannten Stress-Krankheiten des Schafes - J. Bergmann
11. Malkop Ui - (Dipcadi Glacum) - C.C. Grant
12. - Lamberliese in Karakoelkuddes - Die invloed van Ouderdom op die Reproduksiepatroon in die Neudammkudde
13. Marketing of Afghan Karakul Improved - Fur Review
14. Karakul sales results 1978
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
Karakul Breeders Association of South West Africa
1979
PDF
Afrikaans, English, German