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                <text>Legal opinion on the expropriation of commercial farmland, focusing on the terms ‘national interest’ and ‘just compensation’. 1 Introduction 2 The right to property (Article 16 (1) of the Namibian Constitution) 3 Expropriation for public interest (Article 16 (2) of the Namibian Constitution) 3.1 Public interest under international law 3.2 Public interest under South African and comparative constitutional law 3.3 Application of international and comparative criteria to Namibian law 3.3.1 Expropriation of under-utilised land 3.3.2 Expropriation of excessive land 3.3.3 Expropriation of land owned by foreigners 3.3.4 Expropriation of absentee landlords’ land 3.3.5 Expropriation on the basis of mistreatment of workers 3.4 Limitation of fundamental rights and freedoms (Article 22 of the Namibian Constitution) 3.5 Summary of expropriation for public interest 4 Just compensation 4.1 Compensation in terms of the Namibian Constitution and the Agricultural (Commercial) Land Reform Act 4.2 Compensation according to international law 4.3 Compensation according to South African law 4.4 Application of the criteria to Namibian law 4.4.1 Market value 4.4.2 Expropriation-related inflation and deflation 4.4.3 Balancing test 4.4.4 Compensation of foreigners 5 Manner and time of payment 6 Procedure 7 Conclusion</text>
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                <text>This publication forms part of the series The Justice Sector and the Rule of Law in Namibia, which is jointly published by the Namibia Institute for Democracy (NID) and the Human Rights and Documentation Centre (HRDC), which is based in the Faculty of Law at the University of Namibia (UNAM). The series comprises three publications: Framework, Selected Legal Aspects and Cases; Management, Personnel and Access; and The Criminal Justice System. It has been published within the scope of a corporate agreement between the NID and the Embassy of Finland, with the overall aim of strengthening the institutional, advocacy and anti-corruption capacity of civil society and selected government institutions. The series does not claim to be either comprehensive or without some rough edges; after all, the publications are the products of capacity building. Divergent views are reflected with the aim of providing the reader with an overview of the nexus where the rule of law intersects with the administration of justice and with the protection and promotion of human rights in general, and in particular of the rights of those most vulnerable within our society, such as women and children. The publication is intended to be useful for lawyers and non-lawyers alike. Long-term, sustainable economic and social development is dependent on democratic governance and the rule of law. A framework for the rule of law is essential for the effective regulation of the interactions and co-existence of citizens within a democracy. This series of publications comes at an important time for Namibia, which celebrated 20 years of independent nationhood in 2010. It is intended to describe the institutional arrangements in a constitutional democracy and to reflect on the quality of democracy in Namibia. The Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) conceptualised, initiated and supported this research project. The NID was assigned by the Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project, or AFRIMAP, to conduct the research in partnership with the HRDC.</text>
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                <text>"This paper centrally uses the recorded oral interviews of former contract labourers from the Kavango in northeast Namibia, supplemented with archival sources from the National Archives of Namibia (NAN) and written sources to reflect on the experiences of farm labourers under the contract labour system during the South African colonial period. The paper explores journeys to and from the farms, the living and farm work experiences and farm workers’ perception of their experiences under the contract labour system. The aim is to provide a historical basis to extract lessons to understand the current challenges presented by farm labour practices in postcolonial Namibia where the plights of farm workers remains a pertinent and persistent labour issue. The paper points that the paradigm of exploitation, suppression and entrapment under the contract labour system remain dominant in the narratives of former farm labourers. Furthermore, many farm labourers viewed their mistreatment under the contract labour system as colonial exploitation at its worst as the wages were too low. Although many of them extended their contracts in the hope to accumulate more money to improve their social and economic conditions, this remained an everlasting hope and a permanent failure."</text>
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                <text>Ich möchte einführend einige Gedanken zur An-ikonizität (also nicht-Bildlichkeit) formulieren. In seiner Betrachtung sogenannter an-ikonischer Gesellschaften, also Gesellschaften die keine Bilder von Menschen, Tieren oder Gottheiten produzierten, weist Fritz Kramer darauf hin, dass der Umstand des Nicht-Vorhandenseins von Bildern oder Skulpturen nicht auf technisches Unvermögen hinweist (2001: 17). Im Bezug auf die Herero Gesellschaft in Namibia kann nicht von kompletter Nicht-Bildlichkeit gesprochen werden. Tatsächlich geschah die Aneignung der Photographie bereits im 19. Jhd; es wurden Portraits der gesellschaftlichen Elite hergestellt (siehe Silvester 1998 und Wallace 1998). Wir haben es auch nicht mit einer Gesellschaft zu tun, die sich einem Bilderverbot gebeugt hätte. Tatsächlich erscheint die Abwesenheit von Bildern – also beispielsweise traditioneller Skulptur oder Malerei - nur aus westlicher Sicht als Mangel. Dabei wird eine an materiellen Objekten orientierte Erinnerungskultur als Norm konstituiert, von der aus nicht an materielle Objekte gekoppeltes Erinnern als lückenhaft begriffen wird. Nichtsichtbare, immaterielle, kulturelle Produktionen, wie omitandu, also oral überlieferte Texte, die als ausserpersönliche Referenzpunkte und Plattformen des kollektiven Erinnerns operieren, werden dementsprechend oftmals übersehen, oder besser, aufgrund ihrer nicht-Sichtbarkeit, wie in diesem Falle, nicht wahrgenommen. Eine die Vergangenheit interpretierende, charakterisierende, diskursive und eben auch konservierende (erinnernde) Aneignung der Welt ist aber keineswegs notwendigerweise visuell. Anstelle des Abbildens oder Aneignens durch Bilder steht hier die kulturelle Aneignung der Welt durch Rede, performance und Dichtkunst, die bis heute nicht vollständig durch Bildmedien oder geschriebene Texte ersetzt wurde. BAB Working Paper 2006:05 Presented at the Basler Afrika Bibliographien 13 June 2006.</text>
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                <text>When the early European settlers and travellers in South Africa looked for traces of the religion of the indigenous peoples they did not find any temples or altars or religious services. They only observed how the Khoekhoen (whom they called Hottentots) and the San (Bushmen) threw stones or branches on certain cairns when they passed by and showed obvious signs of reverence to these places. When the people were asked why they did this they said that this was their custom yet they could not give any further explanation. During the 19th century it became known that such a cairn was the grave of their deity but that, as there were many of such “graves”, he was not actually buried in them. In Namibia the heaps of stones were and still are called “Heitsi-eibeb graves”. They seemed to offer the clue for learning about Heitsi-eibeb and the old Khoe and San (= Khoisan) religion(s). Therefore particular attention has been given to this Southern African special characteristic and the number of references is immense; the following collection of notes is but a random selection made over more than 50 years. First three basic topics have to be discussed: Heitsi-eibeb, common graves and, in more detail, Heitsi-eibeb graves. Later I shall add my own observations, mainly based on interviews in 1981 at various places in Namibia when I tried to learn somewhat more about Haiseb. I quote Dutch, Afrikaans or German references in my English translation. BAB Working Paper 2014:03 Presented at Basler Afrika Bibliographien, 8 July 2014</text>
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                <text>Reference No. AA.3: Guide to the SWAPO Collection in the Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                <text>The Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB) in Basel, Switzerland, houses a special archival collection on SWAPO. The collection contains primarily printed material from SWAPO and about SWAPO dating from the 1960s to 1990. Thus, the collection covers a variety of perspectives on the history of SWAPO and the Namibian liberation struggle. A steady flow of new acquisitions led to the decision to bring out a revised and enlarged edition of the Guide to the SWAPO collection in the BAB first published in 1994. An introduction provides the reader with an overview of collecting material and conducting research on SWAPO and the Namibian liberation struggle since the country achieved independence in 1990. An extensive inventory then forms the core of the archival guide. The inventory lists every single document in the collection and provides a short description of its content. An index of personal names mentioned in the inventory concludes the archival section of the guide. The biographical section that follows, compiled by Susanne Hubler, contains a list of publications on SWAPO in the BAB library with around 650 entries.</text>
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                <text>Giorgio Miescher</text>
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                <text>Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                <text>© Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                <text>https://baslerafrika.ch/en/publishing-house/publications-shop/products/registratur-aa-3-enlarged-revised-edition-guide-swapo-collection-basler-afrika-bibliographien/</text>
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        <name>Giorgio Miescher</name>
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        <name>SWAPO</name>
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                  <text>Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                  <text>Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB) is a centre of documentation and expertise on Namibia and southern Africa, located in Basel, Switzerland. The institution comprises an archive, a specialist library and a publishing house, in addition to offering scholarly, cultural and socio-political events.&#13;
&#13;
Its books and documents on Namibia are of international renown, and are known among experts as the most comprehensive documentation outside of Namibia. Among its holdings is a collection of rare books with volumes on Africa going back to the 16th century, a large collection of African posters and extensive historical archives of images, sound recordings, manuscripts and ephemera. Its collections are complemented by scholarly publication activities.</text>
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                  <text>Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>© Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                  <text>Working Papers, Finding Aids, Books, Edited Collections</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>Die imperialistischen Frauenverbände des Kaiserreichs: Koloniale Phantasie- und Realgeschichte im Verein</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Nationalismus und Kolonialismus in allen europäischen Nationen eng verknüpft. Kolonialgegner und -befürworter stritten um die Frage, ob Kolonien dem nationalen Interesse dienten – oder nicht. Die Diskussion kreiste nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern ebenso in Frankreich und Großbritannien um die Besorgtheit um die eigene Nation, um ihre Zukunft, ihren politischen Status in der Gegenwart, ihr Verhältnis zu anderen Nationen, ihre moralische Verfassung, ihre innere Kohärenz. Die Kolonialbewegten stießen mit ihrem Allheilmittel der kolonialen Expansion für alle sozialen und ökonomischen Probleme gerade angesichts von nur höchst vagen Vorstellungen über die außereuropäische Welt durchaus auf Resonanz im Bürgertum. Dabei wurde das Bezugssystem immer stärker von den Polen Imperialismus, Weltmachstreben, Rassismus und Sozialdarwinismus markiert. Diese imperiale Aufladung des Kolonialismus definierte den Besitz von Kolonien primär als nationale Prestigeangelegenheit. Die Sehnsüchte der meisten Kolonialanhänger bestimmten nunmehr zwei Ziele: nationale Ehre zu erringen und Weltmacht zu werden. Eine Nation zu sein, beinhalte, Kolonien zu besitzen, und Kolonien bedeuteten Weltmacht, und Weltmacht zeige die Überlegenheit der nationalen Kultur. BAB Working Paper No 3: 2005 ISSN 1422-8769 © The author © Basler Afrika Bibliographien Presented at the Departement of History, University of Basel 31 May 2005</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Birthe Kundrus</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>© The author © Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                <text>German</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2805">
                <text>http://www.freiburg-postkolonial.de/Seiten/Kundrus.pdf</text>
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        <name>Colonialism</name>
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        <name>German Empire</name>
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        <name>Imperialism</name>
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        <name>Women</name>
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        <name>Women's Organization</name>
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