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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
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                <text>Karakul: Gift from the Arid Land (Namibia 1907-2007)</text>
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                <text>"This is the story of the Karakul in Namibia - their origin, how they came to be in the country and their status today. It documents the development of the Karakul industry and the commitment of the Karakul Board, the Karakul Breeders' Society, the stud breeders and the commercial pelt producers as well as the dedicated pioneers. The development of large parts of arid areas in Namibia would not have been possible had it not been for the Karakul. It gave agriculture a stimulus that not only benefited the economy but also leads to the establishment and maintenance of a healthy balance between the ecosystem and its agricultural utilization for the welfare of man. The Karakul sheep was a perfect solution for turning arid sandy and rocky wastes into productive land, because it could be raised profitably in an inhospitable environment. Since the 1960s, Karakul pelts from Namibia are known as swakara (trade mark) (South West African Karakul) and are marketed as such internationally. The spectacular and beautiful Shallow Curl and Watered Silk pelts soon earned world recognition and from the outset renowned fur designers and craftsmen were eager to work with this magnificent, new and easy to handle, unique type of Karakul fur. The role of the Government in the 100 years of Karakul industry has been of great significance. Patient breeding techniques began to pay off. The development of the Shallow and Watered Silk Curl at Neudamm was decisive for the Karakul industry, expanding from its modest beginnings in 1907 into a multimillion dollar enterprise. Karakul research and breeding experiments carried out on three research stations, stimulated a fast-growing branch of farming. Government research and applicable results were disseminated to all parties concerned over the years and contributed considerably to attaining the current standard of excellence. The Karakul (also referred to as the Black Diamond) made it possible to farm and make a living in the vast arid south of Namibia. The Karakul is the gift to the arid land and the pelts they produce are the gift from the arid land."</text>
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                <text>Brenda Bravenboer (with B. von Kunow)</text>
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                <text>Karakul Board of Namibia</text>
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                <text>© Brenda Bravenboer</text>
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                <text>Relevance, Rhetoric and Reality: National Development at The University of Namibia</text>
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                <text>"This dissertation is the product of, first, an exploration of the history of the concept of the Development University in Africa, and second, analysis of documents and a series of interviews in Namibia. The dissertation has the following goals: To situate the University of Namibia's commitment to national development within the Development University tradition, as well as within the context of Namibia's unique domestic educational history and present climate; To describe and analyse the formulation and implementation of the vision for UNAM's role in national development to date, highlighting successes and pointing out shortcomings and problems; Finally, to raise issues which have not been adequately addressed thus far in the debate about higher education and national development in Namibia The first chapter deals with the notion of the Development University, first looking at the origin of the concept, then moving on to the ways in which universities have been expected to contribute to development in Africa and the problems associated with those expectations. A new perspective on developmentalism within African universities will be suggested, within which the traditional notions of relevance, autonomy, and academic freedom must be re-examined. In the second chapter, Namibia is situated within the context set forth in Chapter One. Although in many ways Namibia resembles other African countries in its experience of and need for university education, the ways in which it is unique will also be explored here. Because part of UNAM's commitment to national development includes a commitment to learn from the experience of other countries, the ways in which Namibia does and does not resemble her neighbours hold important lessons for the path UNAM will (and should) follow. Chapters Three and Four are the products of the Namibian research. Chapter Three examines the formulation of the 'vision' of UNAM's role in national development., and proposes a model describing the three-part process of consensus building. decision making. and administration involved in the formulation and implementation of the viGon. Chapter Four is concerned with the practical implications of UNAM's commitment to national development. In particular, the focus will be on UNAM's development goals, on its new and restructured faculties, and major outreach projects. The conclusion analyses the picture presented in Chapters Three and Four, within the context laid out in the first two chapters. Recommendations and observation - based on staff interviews, as well as on the new perspective on university developmentalism -are made here, with a view toward contributing to the ongoing debate on higher education in Namibia."</text>
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                <text>Brian Joseph White</text>
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                <text>http://www.cas.ed.ac.uk/research/publications/archive/show_paper?result_page=62</text>
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                <text>The study Namibia in Jonker Afrikaner's Time is founded on the thesis of Brigitte Lau which was originally submitted to the University of Cape Town in 1982.</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>A Critique of the Historical Sources and Historiography Relating to the Damaras in Pre-Colonial Namibia</text>
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                <text>Despite being only a B.A. Honours Thesis, Brigitte Lau's work has stood up as a solid resource in Central Namibian historiography and early Namibian history</text>
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                  <text>Dissertations on Namibia</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length dissertations written on and/or from Namibia. Unless the dissertations are particularly dated, or the author has passed, I have obtained permission before uploading the files. There are both M.A. and PhD Dissertations uploaded.</text>
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                <text>The Emergence of Kommando Politics in Namaland, Southern Namibia, 1800-1870</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Former archivist at the National Archives of Namibia, Brigitte Lau provides the reader with a groundbreaking social, political, and economic history of Namaland in the early to mid 19th century, with particular emphasis on Oorlam migrations, Kommando politics, Christianity, and traders.</text>
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                <text>Unviersity of Cape Town</text>
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                <text>1982</text>
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        <name>Brigitte Lau</name>
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        <name>Missionaries</name>
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        <name>Nama</name>
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        <name>Oorlam</name>
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        <name>Southern Namibia</name>
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        <name>Traders</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Missionary and Travelers' Diaries/Memoirs</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds various published and unpublished missionary and travelers' accounts of pre-colonial, colonial, and apartheid Namibia.</text>
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                <text>The Matchless Copper Mine in 1857: Correspondence</text>
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                <text>Charles John Andersson Papers, vol. 1 - "The present text documents a year's copper mining activity in Namaland, SWA/Namibia. The year is 1857 and the country ruled by groups of chiefs, the mine is called Matchless, the company exploiting the mine is the Walfisch Bay Mining Company, and the mine manager whose letters to the directors have been published here, is Charles John Andersson." (p.vi)</text>
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                <text>Brigitte Lau (ed.)</text>
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                <text>National Archives of SWA/Namibia</text>
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                <text>1987</text>
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        <name>Brigitte Lau</name>
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        <name>Copper</name>
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        <name>Damara</name>
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        <name>Damaraland</name>
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        <name>Mining</name>
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        <name>Missionary</name>
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        <name>Nama</name>
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        <name>Namaland</name>
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        <name>Precolonial</name>
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        <name>Trading</name>
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        <name>Transport</name>
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        <name>Walvis Bay</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>This collection holds various published and unpublished missionary and travelers' accounts of pre-colonial, colonial, and apartheid Namibia.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Charles John Anderson: Trade and Politics in Central Namibia 1860-1864</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Charles John Andersson Papers, vol. 2 - "The author of the present record, Charles John Andersson, is not unknown among students of Namibian history, or Africana book collectors. He was born in Vanersborg (Sweden) to a Swedish mother (Kajsa Andersdotter) and an English father (Llewellyn Lloyd) in 1827. His papers record at least six siblings: Marie, Sophie, Henrietta, Joseph, Wilhelm and Philip. After a short spell at the University of Lund in 1847, he left to hunt and trade with his father. In 1849 he sailed to England from where he planned to take up a life of hunting and exploration In Iceland. However, meeting Galton and being Invited to accompany him to South Africa. Andersson changed his plans, and in early 1850 the two sailed for Cape Town. For a decade, interrupted only by two years In England and one year as manager of the Matchless copper mine, he travelled and hunted for Ivory in south-western Africa, visiting King Nangolo in Ondonga, exploring Lake Ngami and even reaching the Okavango River. By 1860 he had set himself up as the principal trader in central Namibia, purchasing the WBMC's assets in Otjimbingwe and fitting out a number of hunter/traders to bring in oxen and ivory. His financial situation - probably in many aspects similar to that of other European traders - remains obscure. No doubt he returned from his explorations of Lake Ngami with a fortune in ivory, stock and other saleable goods. Furthermore, the publication of his book, 'Lake Ngami', was an immense success; there were intimations of Cape civil service posts offered him until at least I860, and he was courted by British officials and scientists for his then highly interesting and precious map of the interior of southern Africa. Between 1856 and 1860 Wallis records a series of major cash outlays for fitting out hunters and traders and especially his partner Green; however, no details concerning the exact nature of these 'partnerships', nor the returns of these outlays, could be traced. Wallis claims that the establishment in Otjimbingwe, set up only five years after his return from Lake Ngami, was based partly on credit and in spite of the fact that Andersson recorded the huge sum of £20.000 as due to him in April and May 1864, by September of that year he was in financial difficulties and a few months later seems to have been a pauper. For reasons which this editor could not exact it seems that the Cape-Namaland cattle and ivory trade held the constant promise of immense profits to be made; yet it was precarious enough to ruin a trader's fortunes within months. The next four years are traced in detail by the present record; Andersson's trading activities in the early 1860s, marred by the spreading lungsickness epidemic, soon brought him into direct conflict with the Namaland chiefs and especially the sovereign, Jonker Afrikaner (succeeded by his sons, Christian and then Jan Jonker, following Jonker's death in 1861). By 1864, immobilised by a nasty leg wound received in battle against the Oorlam Afrikaners, Andersson's career as a trader came to a near standstill. [...]"</text>
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                <text>Brigitte Lau (ed.)</text>
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                <text>National Archives of SWA/Namibia</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <name>Captains</name>
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        <name>Charles John Andersson</name>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
&#13;
Some of the out of print books can be found in other collections in this repository (such as the Basler Afrika Bibliographien); this collection is merely for those without their own. Efforts were made to receive copyright permission before uploading. For any questions or concerns, contact the webmaster.</text>
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                <text>An Investigation of the Shooting at the Old Location, 10 December, 1959</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Conducted under the auspices of the Michael Scott Oral Research Project, Katutura residents conduct interviews and archival research into the Shooting in the Old Location of 10 December 1959, a crucial moment that helped birth the liberation struggle.</text>
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                <text>Brigitte Lau (ed.), Milly Jaffa, Nicky Kautja, Magda Oliphant, Dawn Ridgeway, Kapofi Shipingana, Ussiel Tjijenda, Gerson Veii</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>© National Archives of Namibia (likely)</text>
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                <text>1991</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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        <name>Magda Oliphant</name>
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        <name>Michael Scott Oral Research Project</name>
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        <name>Milly Jaffa</name>
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        <name>Nicky Kautja</name>
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        <name>Sam Nujoma</name>
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        <name>Shooting</name>
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                <text>M.A. Thesis: Linköping University (Child Studies) - "The overall aim of this study is to investigate the perception of support provided to orphan children in foster care placement in terms of education, care and support as well as protection by orphan children themselves, foster parents and social workers. Due to HIV/AIDS many children are being orphaned and are left behind without any visible means of support. HIV/AIDS remains undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges of the world today, as there is no part of the world that has not felt the devastating impact of the pandemic. This is already evidenced by the increase in number of orphans, child headed households and other vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS and the inability of the extended family system to provide such children with basic requirements such as shelter, food, medical care, education, love and support. The first chapter is focusing on the Magnitude of OVC in general and Namibia in particular. According to the National Plan of Action for OVC in Namibia, the total number of orphans and vulnerable children was estimated at 128 000 in 2007 (MGECW, 2007). According to 2001 Population and Housing Census the whole Khomas region had 6674 OVC, while Khomas urban had 5708 OVC, which means that in the Khomas region more OVC in an Urban areas while rural areas had less number which was 389 OVC (NPC, 2005). Chapter two presents a literature review and focuses on the phenomena of foster care placement. It includes the definition of terms such as an orphan child, a vulnerable child and foster care placement. It gives background details of foster care placement in general and foster care placement in the Namibia context. Also the support (care and support, education and protection) being offered to children in foster care placement are discussed. Chapter three focuses on the research methods and data collection of this study. The following elements are described in this chapter: Setting and samples, procedure, methods and methodological consideration, the role of the researcher, the limitations of the study and the ethnographic situation. Chapter four is devoted to the foster care placement legal framework in Namibia where the current foster care placement processes to access government grant to support foster families are discussed as well as foster care placement policy implications in Namibia. The conclusion of the findings on foster care placement processes is included. Chapter five consists of the analysis of the study. It provides the background information of the samples, questions, responses and interpretations of the main views of the respondents on the support provided to children in foster care placement in terms of care and support, education, protection as well as foster care placement process are provided in this chapter. Chapter six is focuses on discussions and conclusion. It includes major views of the respondents and the understanding of different voices of orphan children in foster care placement, foster parents and social workers who are professionals in this matter."</text>
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                <text>The current policy paper contains three chapters, authored by Bruce Frayne of Queen’s University and Wade Pendleton, formerly at the University of Namibia. The first chapter provides an overview of Namibian international and internal migration movements since independence and also considers the likely future trends of migration in Namibia. The chapter draws heavily on research conducted by the authors for the Namibian National Migration Survey in 1998. The second chapter, with its recommendations for migration management, is drawn from the authors’ earlier SAMP contribution: Namibians on South Africa: Attitudes Towards Cross-Border Migration and Immigration Policy (Migration Policy Series No. 10, 1998). The final chapter, by  Wade Pendleton, is the product of a broader SADC survey conducted by SAMP in 2001 designed to assess public attitudes towards migrants, refugees and immigration policy. The findings for Namibia reported here suggest that Namibia faces a similar challenge to South Africa in terms of public education about the role and impact of migrants.</text>
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                <text>http://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acrobat27.pdf</text>
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                  <text>Miscellaneous Newspaper, Magazine, and Journal Articles</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds magazine and newspaper articles pertaining to Namibia or Namibian affairs. Note: only non-Namibian publications are consulted here.</text>
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                <text>Im Spannungsfeld von Globalisierung und Lokalisierung. Politische Dezentralisierung in Hoachanas, Namibia</text>
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                <text>"Demokratisierung und Dezentralisierung sind zentrale Ziele der gegenwärtigen Entwicklungspolitik. Namibia hat diese Zielsetzung aufgegriffen und zumindest formal umgesetzt. Die kritische politische und wissenschaftliche Diskussion entzündet sich vor allem an der Frage inwieweit auf der nationalen Ebene Demokratie tatsächlich verwirklicht ist. Dieser Beitrag nimmt dagegen die Wirkung von Demokratisierung und Dezentralisierung auf der lokalen Ebene in den Blick. Im Zentrum steht dabei die Siedlung Hoachanas im abgelegenen Süden Namibias. Hoachanas war weitgehend von der formalen Verwaltung Namibias abgeschnitten und unterstand einer traditionellen Autorität. Im Rahmen der Dezentralisierungspolitik sollte die Siedlung durch die Errichtung eines auf demokratischen Prinzipien beruhenden Gremiums in die nationalen Verwaltungstrukturen integriert werden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die auf der nationalstaatlichen Ebene nach westlichen Vorbildern entwickelten Konzepte von Demokratisierung und Dezentralisierung im Prozess ihrer Umsetzung auf der lokalen Ebene umgearbeitet werden und im lokalen Kontext als Instrumente lokaler politischer Auseinandersetzung dienen. Dezentralsierung bewirkt in diesem Fall erst die wirksame Einbezieung von Hoachanas in das nationalstaatliche Verwaltungssystem und Demokratisierung eröffnet neue lokale politische Arenen."</text>
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                <text>Carolin Olivares-Canas</text>
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                <text>This short publication of the National Archives of Namibia provides an introduction to the German genocide of the Nama and Herero peoples at Shark Island, Luderitz.</text>
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                  <text>Documentary Films on Namibia</text>
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                  <text>This collection holds full length Documentary Films on Namibia.</text>
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              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>Rights vary depending on the resource. Please consult each individual entry for specific information</text>
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                <text>Namibia: A New Nation's Challenge</text>
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                <text>"After 105 years of foreign rule, Namibia, Africa's last colony, gained its independence, and this program covers Sam Nujoma's address at Lincoln University outlining his country's future. The impeccable rendition of the Namibian National Anthem, and the English translation at the end, add an emotional and nostalgic flavor to the program. And the background information on Namibia provides viewers with a broader understanding of the issues at hand."</text>
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                <text>Chip Taylor &amp; Avio Productions</text>
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                <text>© Chip Taylor Communications</text>
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                <text>Interactions between Termite Mounds, Trees, and the Zemba People in the Mopane Savanna in Northwestern Namibia</text>
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                <text>Termite mounds comprise a significant part of the landscape in northwestern Namibia. The vegetation type in this area is mopane vegetation, a vegetation type unique to southern Africa. In the area where I conducted research, almost all termite mounds coexisted with trees, of which 80% were mopane. The rate at which trees withered was higher on the termite mounds than outside them, and few saplings, seedlings, or grasses grew on the mounds, indicating that termite mounds could cause trees to wither and suppress the growth of plants. However, even though termite mounds appeared to have a negative impact on vegetation, they could actually have positive effects on the growth of mopane vegetation. Moreover, local people use the soil of termite mounds as construction material, and this utilization may have an effect on vegetation change if they are removing the mounds that are inhospitable for the growth of plants. Consequently, both termite mounds and human activities should be taken into account as factors affecting mopane vegetation.</text>
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                <text>African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2010), 40: 115-128</text>
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                <text>http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/96293</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Miscellaneous Newspaper, Magazine, and Journal Articles</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This collection holds magazine and newspaper articles pertaining to Namibia or Namibian affairs. Note: only non-Namibian publications are consulted here.</text>
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                <text>Blowin' in the Windhoek -Namibia: A Class Act? -Land in Namibia: Rhetoric, Reform of Revolution? -Police Story: A Tough Transition</text>
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                <text>Chris Tapscott, Susan Brown, Colin Leys</text>
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                  <text>This collection contains full-text PDFs of various out of print books re: Namibian Studies. Most of these were published by small-name presses (such as the Finnish Anthropological Association), and for that reason they are hard to find.&#13;
&#13;
Some of the out of print books can be found in other collections in this repository (such as the Basler Afrika Bibliographien); this collection is merely for those without their own. Efforts were made to receive copyright permission before uploading. For any questions or concerns, contact the webmaster.</text>
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                <text>In the Footsteps of Mr. Andersson: Milestones in Swedish-Namibia Relations</text>
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                <text>"In the Footsteps of Mr. Andersson tells the story of the extraordinary relationship between Sweden and Namibia. It begins in the Middle of the nineteenth century when a Swedish explorer, adventurer, entrepreneur, and arms dealer drew the earliest known maps of the areas now known as Namibia, northern Botswana, and southern Zimbabwe. The story follows the fortunes of a handful of Namibian students and their Swedish counterparts who met in Stockholm in the 1950s and went on to help pave the way to the independence of Namibia in 1989..."</text>
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                <text>Christer L. Petterssson</text>
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                <text>© Pettersson and SIDA</text>
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                <text>© The author © Basler Afrika Bibliographien</text>
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                  <text>&lt;span&gt;The Namibia Institute for Democracy (NID), founded in 1991, implements a range of civic education, civil society development, socio-political survey and research and anti-corruption programs in Namibia. Funded by a variety of donors, these programs all aim to strengthen civil society and the public’s capacity to interact with government at all levels in an informed manner, to strengthen democratic institutions, and to provide opportunities for the exchange of public opinion and the support of public debate. In this process, the NID consults with the government, civil society, interest groups, political parties, the media, institutional authorities and private citizens in the design and implementation of its programs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Through its regional office, the NID also provides a range of additional services to local and international non-governmental, academic, training and service institutions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Publications archived in this repository are issued by the NID and are free to download on their website. All copyrights are theirs. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                  <text>The Publications archived in this repository are issued by the NID and are free to download on their website. All copyrights are theirs.</text>
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                <text>Legal opinion on the expropriation of commercial farmland, focusing on the terms ‘national interest’ and ‘just compensation’. 1 Introduction 2 The right to property (Article 16 (1) of the Namibian Constitution) 3 Expropriation for public interest (Article 16 (2) of the Namibian Constitution) 3.1 Public interest under international law 3.2 Public interest under South African and comparative constitutional law 3.3 Application of international and comparative criteria to Namibian law 3.3.1 Expropriation of under-utilised land 3.3.2 Expropriation of excessive land 3.3.3 Expropriation of land owned by foreigners 3.3.4 Expropriation of absentee landlords’ land 3.3.5 Expropriation on the basis of mistreatment of workers 3.4 Limitation of fundamental rights and freedoms (Article 22 of the Namibian Constitution) 3.5 Summary of expropriation for public interest 4 Just compensation 4.1 Compensation in terms of the Namibian Constitution and the Agricultural (Commercial) Land Reform Act 4.2 Compensation according to international law 4.3 Compensation according to South African law 4.4 Application of the criteria to Namibian law 4.4.1 Market value 4.4.2 Expropriation-related inflation and deflation 4.4.3 Balancing test 4.4.4 Compensation of foreigners 5 Manner and time of payment 6 Procedure 7 Conclusion</text>
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                <text>Christina Treeger</text>
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                <text>Namibia Institute for Democracy &amp; Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>© Namibia Institute for Democracy &amp; Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung</text>
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                <text>2004</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2636">
                <text>http://www.nid.org.na/images/pdf/analysis_views/Legal_analysis_of_farmland_expropriation_in_Namibia.pdf</text>
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                  <text>Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa (NAI)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 2003 the Nordic Africa Institute initiated a project to identify archives in the Nordic countries, that cover documentation on anti-apartheid resistance and the liberation struggle in Southern Africa, mainly South Africa and Namibia, during 1960-1990. (Other countries are covered, see the information box in the right hand column.) Around this time, a large number of organisations in the Nordic countries e.g. government bodies, youth and church organisations, political parties and solidarity groups participated in the struggle. As a result, vast bilateral cooperation emerged and many well documented conferences and meetings were held in the Nordic countries and in Africa. Several visits to refugee camps in Africa and encounters with different leaders were also documented on videos, tapes and in pictures. Another result was this website that works as an reference source. It was launched on 24 April 2007. (&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;More about the website.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Organisations in &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/denmark/"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/finland/"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/iceland/"&gt;Iceland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/norway/"&gt;Norway &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/sweden/"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt; have localized, catalogued and organized archives on the liberation struggle. The &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/archives/"&gt;archival lists&lt;/a&gt; are available in a database, found on this website, that has been created to make the materials known and easily accessible for researchers, students and others who are interested in this part of the world history.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The project was concluded in November 2009 with a &lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/events/"&gt;workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, in partnership with: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Finnish Country Committee on Archives on Anti-Colonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle in Namibia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SWAPO Party Archive &amp;amp; Research Centre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NGO Solidarity with Southern Africa (Sweden)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tchiweka (Angola)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aluka (South Africa &amp;amp; USA)</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://www.liberationafrica.se/"&gt;http://www.liberationafrica.se/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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                  <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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                <text>Denmark and national liberation in Southern Africa : a flexible response</text>
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                <text>This book describes and documents the development of Danish support to national liberation in Southern Africa and the two-sided humanitarian and political character of this support. It is based on previously restricted Danish ministry records and on NGO archives and interviews.The Nordic countries were unique in the Western world in their support to individuals, organisations and refugees, struggling to end institutionalised colonialism and racism and alleviate their humanitarian consequences. Nordic support was humanitarian and civilian, and to a large extent was given to refugees and to education. Increasingly, it came to involve national liberation movements and financial support to their civilian activities, at a time when these movements were politically and militarily struggling against the regimes in their countries-including the government of Portugal, a NATO military partner of Norway and Denmark.Danish support developed differently from that of the other Nordic countries. Official support was never given directly to liberation movements. Rather, Danish NGOs were employed to advise on Danish allocations and to distribute these allocations and carry out activities, using their own capacity or through their international networks. In the field of sanctions, Denmark shifted from a policy of awaiting a UN Security Council decision to imposing unilateral trade sanctions as the first Western country to do so, and the book analyses the political developments behind this.The study seeks to determine the events, rationales, arguments and decisions that led to the various forms of Danish support. Key questions are how Danish support was established as a purely humanitarian facility that later developed into supporting also the liberation movements, and how boycott was first considered to be an issue for the individual but eventually became national, official policy. The study seeks to describe why support and sanctions developed in the way and at the pace they did. Major factors involved were Danish public awareness of developments in Southern Africa, domestic political debates and mobilisation through NGOs.This focus on processes of change has been necessary in a field of Danish foreign relations that during the course of the research was recognised as being a very wide as well as a very interesting one. As a new field of research, and with the majority of the sources never having been studied before, this study has an aim to provide a platform for other researchers, journalists and students. Hopefully it will inspire others to investigate the whole issue further-or to consider it in a different perspective.</text>
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                <text>Christopher Munthe Morgenstierne</text>
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                <text>Nordic Africa Institute</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>© Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</text>
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