Betrachtungen zum Bildarchiv der Solidaritätsgruppe „Medic’ Angola / kämpfendes afrika“ (Zürich, 1971 – 1988)
Raphael Jenny
https://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2016_2_Jenny.pdf
Basler Afrika Bibliographien
2016
© The author © Basler Afrika Bibliographien
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German
Reference No. AA.5: The Archive of the Solidarity Group Medic’ Angola / Kämpfendes Afrika (Zurich 1971–1988)
Medic’ Angola came into being in 1971 in Zurich as a 'working group for medical support for the Angolan People.' From 1976, the group called itself Kämpfendes Afrika after the journal of the same name that had been published by Medic' Angola since November 1971. Kämpfendes Afrika was a political solidarity organization that devoted itself to the support of African Liberation Organizations in Switzerland. To this end, it set about building a dense network of contacts with several national liberation movements, especially in southern Africa. It supported these materially and financially and conducted intense publicity activities. This inventory lists an extensive archival collection on the solidarity group, which disbanded in 1988.
Dag Henrichsen
https://baslerafrika.ch/en/publishing-house/publications-shop/products/das-archiv-der-solidaritaetsgruppe-medicangola-kaempfendes-afrika-zuerich-1971-1988/
Basler Afrika Bibliographien
2002
© Basler Afrika Bibliographien
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"Go and Come Back Home:" A Namibian's Journey into Exile and Back
Dr. Schivute, who had been a member of SWAPO since 1960, left Namibia in 1962. He graduated in 1969 and became one of Namibia's first medical doctors to qualify under SWAPO's mass education programme. Over and above his MD, he gained further medical experiences in Poland and Finland. In Europe, he specialized in Critical Care Medicine and anesthesiology until 1978, when he joined the Liberation movement in Angola.
Marcus Schivute
Gamsberg Macmillan
1997
© Marcus Schivute 1997
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Valentina, The Exile Child: An Autobiography by Rachel Valentina Nghiwete
"On the dawn of Namibia's independence from South African rule in 1990, around 43,000 exiles were repatriated to the country formerly known as South West Africa. Of these, many had left their country of birth to flee the brutality of South Africa's apartheid regime, and/or to join the struggle (political and armed) for Namibia's liberation, waged primarily by the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). But included in the 43,000, were about 20,000 children who had never set foot in or fully experienced the country to which they were being repatriated, having been born to and/or raised by exiled soldiers and refugees of the struggle. In Namibia, these children are often referred to simply as 'exile kids', though the country's Government officially recognizes them as "The Children of the Liberation Struggle". Rachel Valentina Nghiwete, is one such 'exile kid', born in the SWAPO camps of Kwanza-Sul, Angola, in 1979, to Namibian soldiers fighting under SWAPO's banner. Set against the background of Namibia's liberation struggle, Valentina: The Exile Child details the author's experience growing up in exile, her 'repatriation' to Namibia in 1989 on the eve of the country's independence, and her life outside the country in London and Washington DC, as the daughter of an Ambassador, as a businesswoman, and as an individual in pursuit of financial freedom. The Exile Child also explores the challenges of establishing a Namibian identity after an early life in exile, and looks at how children of the liberation struggle - at home in Namibia and abroad - have struggled to adjust. Read this book for a historical account of Namibia's road to freedom from the perspective of an exile kid, and for an inspiring tale of a Namibian exile child's painful and joyful journey to finding and living a life of meaning and purpose."
Rachel Valentina Nghiwete
V.E.E.M Publishing House
2010
© 2010 by Rachel Valentina Nghiwete
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Mandume ya Ndemafayo's Memorials in Namibia and Angola
M.A. Dissertation - "Mandume has fought two colonial powers, Portugal and British-South Africa from the time he became king in 1911 to 1917. This thesis looks at the different ways in which Mandume ya Ndemufayo is remembered in Namibia and Angola after these countries had gained their independence from colonialism. His bravery in fighting the colonizers has awarded him hero status and he is considered a nationalist hero in both Namibia and Angola. However, he is memorialized differently in Namibia and Angola. The process of remembering Mandume in different ways is related to where his body and head are buried respectively. This is because there is a belief that his body was beheaded, and his head was buried in Windhoek (under a monument) while the rest of his body is buried in Angola. The monument that is alleged to host his head is claimed to belong to him to this day. However, this monument was erected for the fallen South African troops who died fighting him. I argue that this belief was in response to the need to reclaim a monumental space to commemorate Mandume in the capital city. In the postcolonial Namibia and Angola, Mandume is memorialized at Heroes Acre and Mandume Memorial respectively. There are also other forms of his memorialisation in both countries such as roads, streets etc, named after him. I am most interested in finding if the two countries share Mandume or they are competing for him. If they share him, how are the politics around his memory negotiated? I argue that Mandume is used as a tool in processes of nation-building for Namibia and Angola. He is considered a nationalist icon to bring about unity amongst people in both countries. This is because national unity, nationhood, identity and reclamation of the self are all evident in the memorial work that is put in Mandume’s name in these two countries. I argue that the notion of nationhood associated with Mandume ya Ndemufayo has hidden agendas in the two countries. Mandume’s monuments in Angola and Namibia service national healing processes especially to unify nations that were divided by civil war and apartheid laws respectively. For both countries, the formal honouring of anti-colonial fighter such as Mandume obviously promotes the recovery of nations that underwent violent conflict. I conclude that these two countries use Mandume as a resource in the nation-building process to unify their people respectively and this consequently divides the Kwanyama people, which is the opposite of what Mandume was doing. As long as his memory is used this way by postcolonial Namibia and Angola, the Kwanyamas will never be united and the Mandume issue will never rest because it was his goal, as he was trying to unite his people who were divided by a colonial border."
Napandulwe Shiweda
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11394/210/Shiweda_MA_2005.pdf?sequence=1
University of the Western Cape
2005
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Enduring Suffering - The Cassinga Massacre of Namibian Exiles in 1978 and the Conflicts Between Survivors' Memories and Testimonies
PhD Dissertation - "During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into „living testimonies‟ of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, „memories of Cassinga‟ so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides survivors‟ testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness the agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable). Memory is a “true picture” of experiencing the Cassinga massacre and enduring pain and suffering over the years. In considering survivors‟ challenge to the visually and orally obscured realities of the Cassinga massacre, this study will use a more lateral and alternative approach. This is a method of attempting to interrogate, among other issues of this study, the understanding of Cassinga beyond the inexperienced economies of this event production. The study also explores the different agencies, mainly political, that fuel and exacerbate the victims‟ unending pathos. These invasive miseries are anchored, according to survivors, in the “disrupted expectations” or forsaken human dignity of survivors and families of the missing victims, especially following Namibia‟s independence in 1990."
Vilho Amukwaya Shigwedha
http://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11394/1711/Shigwedha_PHD_2011.pdf?sequence=1
University of the Western Cape
2011
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Land Cover Change in the Okavango River Basin - Historical changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality
Masters thesis in Water Resources and Livelihood Security - "The Okavango river flows from southern Angola, through the Kavango region of Namibia and into the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The recent peace in Angola hopefully marks the end of the intense suffering that the peoples of the river basin have endured, and the beginning of sustainable decision-making in the area. Informed decision-making however requires knowledge; and there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge regarding basin-wide land cover (LC) changes, and their causes, during the Angolan civil war in the basin. Furthermore, there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge on how expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth along the Angola-Namibia border affects the water quality of the river. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a remote sensing method applicable to the basin (with scant ground-truth data availability) to carry out a systematic historic study of LC changes during the Angolan civil war, to apply the method to the basin, to relate these changes to major societal trends in the region, and to analyse potential impacts of expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth on the water quality of the river along the Angola-Namibia border. A range of remote sensing methods to study historic LC changes in the basin were tried and evaluated against reference data collected during a field visit in Namibia in October 2005. Eventually, two methods were selected and applied to pre-processed Landsat MSS and ETM+ satellite image mosaics of 1973 and 2001 respectively: 1. a combined unsupervised classification and pattern-recognition change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed binary LC class change trajectory information and, 2. an NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed continuous information on degrees of change in vegetation vigour. In addition, available documents and people initiated in the basin conditions were consulted in the pursuit of discerning major societal trends that the basin had undergone during the Angolan civil war. Finally, concentrations of nutrients (total phosphorous & total nitrogen), bacteria (faecal coliforms & faecal streptococci), conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and Secchi depth were sampled at 11 locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities and an urban area during the aforementioned field visit. The nature, extent and geographical distribution of LC changes in the study area during the Angolan civil war were determined. The study area (150 922 km2) was the Angolan and Namibian parts of the basin. The results indicate that the vegetation vigour is dynamic and has decreased overall in the area, perhaps connected with precipitation differences between the years. However while the vigour decreased in the northwest, it increased in the northeast, and on more local scales the pattern was often more complex. With respect to migration out of Angola into Namibia, the LC changes followed expectations of more intense use in Namibia close to the border (0-5 km), but not at some distance (10-20 km), particularly east of Rundu. With respect to urbanisation, expectations of increased human impact locally were observed in e.g. Rundu, Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale. Road deterioration was also observed with Angolan urbanisation but some infrastructures appeared less damaged by the war. Some villages (e.g. Savitangaiala de Môma) seem to have been abandoned during the war so that the vegetation could regenerate, which was expected. But other villages (e.g. Techipeio) have not undergone the same vegetation regeneration suggesting they were not abandoned. The areal extent of large-scale agriculture increased 59% (26 km2) during the war, perhaps as a consequence of population growth. But the expansion was not nearly at par with the population growth of the Kavango region (320%), suggesting that a smaller proportion of the population relied on the large-scale agriculture for their subsistence in 2001 compared with 1973. No significant impacts were found from the large-scale agriculture and urbanisation on the water quality during the dry season of 2005. Total phosphorous concentrations (with range: 0.067-0.095 mg l-1) did vary significantly between locations (p=0.013) but locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities were not significantly different (p=0.5444). Neither did faecal coliforms (range: 23-63 counts per 100ml) nor faecal streptococci (range: 8-33 counts per 100ml) vary significantly between locations (p=0.332 and p=0.354 respectively). Thus the impact of Rundu and the extensive livestock farming along the border were not significant at this time. The Cuito river on the other hand significantly decreased both the conductivity (range: 27.2-49.7 μS cm-1, p<0.0001) and the total dissolved solid concentration (range: 12.7-23.4 mg l-1, p<0.0001) of the mainstream of the Okavango during the dry season. Land cover changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality were studied in this research effort. Many of the obtained results can be used directly or with further application as a knowledge base for sustainable decision-making and management in the basin. Wisely used by institutions charged with that objective, the information can contribute to sustainable development and the ending of suffering and poverty for the benefit of the peoples of the Okavango and beyond."
Jafet Andersson
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Aliu%3Adiva-7152
Linköping University
2006
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REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) - A CASE STUDY OF NAMIBIA’S CROSS BORDER MIGRATION ISSUES IN OSHIKANGO
PhD in Public Administration: University of Namibia - "The main objective of this dissertation was to investigate issues of cross-border migration and their effects on the project of SADC regional integration. The principal theoretical grounding comes from theories on migration, inclusive of their gender perspectives. Inclusive in this framework were perspectives of regionalism and its subsets of regionalisation, regional cooperation, regional integration and regional awareness/identity. The dissertation also examined competing theoretical approaches to regional integration, among these, federalism, functionalism, neo-functionalism and inter-governmentalism, to determine a model to achieving a political community at the end of the SADC integration process. Based on these theories the study investigated the extent to which the grassroots communities were involved in the SADC regionalisation process. Indicators, in this regard, were the SADC Protocol for the Free Movement of Persons of 1995 and its successor, the SADC Protocol for the Facilitation of Free Movement of Persons of 1997, which all failed. The dissertation traced the background of regional integration at the global, continental and regional level and compared scenarios especially on cross-border migration issues. A qualitative research design in the form of a case study of Oshikango informed the collection of the data. The data were gathered about the distribution of variables such as the grassroots community’s understanding and attitudes towards implications of cross border migration as measured against the SADC project of regional integration. Other important variables that were illuminated by the investigation techniques are gender, age and education level of respondents. Informed by this investigation and based on the Oshikango case study this dissertation has arrived at the conclusion that SADC is currently unable to achieve its goal of regulating free movement of persons in the region. The problem seems to be that since SADC is a state-based regime, member states take their refuge in the doctrine of state sovereignty, often at the expense of the common regional agenda. In other words they talk regionalism, but they act nationally. Consequently, SADC is an example of shallow integration with limited involvement of civil society and local communities. Thus, cross-border migration control in the region is an issue that will have to be resolved. Informed by these conclusions, this dissertation leads to recommendations for the acceleration of trans-frontier spatial development, such as parks and development corridors. The SADC Forum for Traditional Authorities should also be established to further deepen trans-border interaction and facilitate intra-regional migration management."
Andrew Niikondo
University of Namibia
2008
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English
A History of Resistance in Namibia
Documents resistance to the German conquest by the Herero and Nama peoples; the South African take-over under the League of Nations mandate; land, labour and community resistance from 1920-1960; the emergence of Nationalist organisations; appeals to the UN and the ICJ; the launching of SWAPO's armed struggle, and nationalist responses to South Africa's Bantustan policy.
Peter H. Katjavivi
UNESCO Press
1988
© UNESCO Press 1988
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Call Them Spies: A Documentary Account of the Namibian Spy Drama
"The Beginning of the 1980s witnessed the start of a crisis which rocked SWAPO due to the myopic and selfish interest of certain members in its leadership. The Real power of PLAN passed over into the hands of Solomon Jesus Hawala, the 'Butcher of Lubango', the deputy army commander of PLAN, and the Chief of SWAPO security. This began the wholesale arrest and abduction of Namibians, SWAPO members and non-SWAPO alike, under the pretext of them being 'enemy agents'."
Nico Basson & Ben Motinga
African Communications Project
1989
© African Communications Project 1989
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English
Chester Crocker (Full Interview)
Date: 2 February 2013 Location: Washington Time: ~ 45 Minutes Interview conducted by Bernard Moore & Matthew Ecker Topics: -US interests in Namibia situation -Reagan Admin. perceptions of SWAPO -Thoughts on NP & Resolution 435 -Namibia as buffer state -Linkage plan -Repeal of US Clark Amendment -Arming of UNITA -Comprehensive anti-apartheid act -Cuito Cuanavale & Cuban arms buildup -Misconceptions of Cuban influence -Implementation of 435 and UNTAG
Bernard C. Moore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHLtiZ-D9cI
Namibia Documentary Series
2013
Bernard C. Moore & Matthew Ecker, Namibia Documentary Series
CC BY-NC-SA
MPEG-4 Video File
English
Maria Mboono Nghidinwa (Full Interview)
Date: 2 February 2013 Location: Washington Time: ~ 45 Minutes Interview conducted by Bernard Moore & Matthew Ecker Topics: -Nyango Camp & everyday life -Her Family's Decision to go into Exile -Education of Namibians in Zambia -Transfer from camp to armed struggle -Life in Angola military camp (morale) -Namibian solidarity -Political Instructor life (& translation) -Life as journalist -Some Post-independence thoughts -More everyday life in camps (& fears of attack) -Diet in camps
Bernard C. Moore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jcv52NZAG0U
Namibia Documentary Series
2013
Bernard C. Moore & Matthew Ecker, Namibia Documentary Series
CC BY-NC-SA
MPEG-4 Video File
English