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                <text>This Study is the first attempt to reconstruct the precolonial history of the Owambo people between 1600-1920. Based on thesis (Ph.D)--University of Joensuu, Finland. "The linking of the concept of literacy to conscious action shattered the question of how Africans perceived the concept of history. Thus, literacy and documentation became the recognized ways of preserving history, while orally transmitted history was regarded as a mere myth. Here most historians have been mistaken in not recognizing the fact that oral traditions are not simple tales, but are in most societies linked closely to religion. Through this process, traditions became sacred and their distortion regarded as a violation of the traditional religion. I became bothered during the course of my study by the way in which the "history of the Owambo people" has been written. In many works, the perspective is heavily influenced not only by the ideas and institutions of which we are all products, but more so by the perception of the reality we are faced with. The independence of Namibia marks the beginning of a new era in African historiography. This was one of my sources of inspiration in the new thinking and approach during the course of writing. Therefore, this study serves as a stepping-stone in the history of the African people, which I hope will open up scientific debates aimed at placing the history of the long-deprived Namibian people in the context of world history. The completion of this work could not have been possible without the independence of Namibia, which made it possible for me to carry out the fieldwork in Owamboland. It is against this background that I want to thank all my informants, all research assistants and many Namibians who have been actively involved in the struggle for national liberation under the leadership of SWAPO. I am greatly indebted to the Finnish International Development Agercy (FINNIDA) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, and the Finnchurchaid of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, for the scholarship grant and the constant financial assistance throughout the preparation of this work and my years of study. The manuscript of this study benefited very much from the initial comments made by Ella Kamanya, M.A. Muhammed Salih, Seppo Sivonen, my supervisor Associate Professor Seppo Rytkonen and Professor Thomas Tlou. Their constructive criticism has helped me to improve the quality of this work; I am grateful to all of them. I particularly thank many individuals, especially those who have helped me with the completion of technical matters: Christina Mann for proof-reading the manuscript; Petteri Makela for constructive criticism at various stages of this work, and for helping with much of the drawings in this work; John Hakapandi for the drawing of the Owambo homestead; and Brigitte Lau, who gave the final touch to the manuscript. Finally, my gratitude goes to my daughters Kalinde and Shekupe and my parents, who endured my absence during the long years of study. I dedicate this book to the Owambo ancestors who lived through the experience, and who transmitted the traditions through the generations."</text>
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                <text>Der bereits von Krankheit gezeichnete Fritz Gaerdes hatte diese Ortchronik von Okahandja zusammengestellt und bezog sich auf damals vorhandene Quellen und auf die eigenen Erlebnissen in den vergangenen 50 Jahren. Zwei Memoranden zur Geschichte der Schule und der Öffentlichen Stadtbibliothek fügte er dem seltenen Büchlein über die Geschichte und Entwicklung der Stadt Okahandja an: • Geschichte und Entwicklung der Stadt Okahand ja von 1800 bis 1970 • Memorandum zur Geschichte der Schule in Okahandja • Memorandum zur Geschichte der öffentlichen Bibliothek Okahandja</text>
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                <text>S.W.A. Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft - Namibia Scientific Society</text>
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                <text>Contents: 1. Einführung - Wilhem J.G. Möhlig 2 - Unmaking a Market: The Encapsulation of a Regional Trade Network: Northwest Namibia between the 1860s and 1950s. - Michael Bollig 3. Mit Kreuz, Gewehr und Handelskarre: Der Kavango 1903 im kolonialen Fokus - Andreas E. Eckl 4. Herero and Missionaries: The Making of Historical Sources in the 1920s - Jan-Bart Gewald 5. Diversifizierung und politische ökonomie der Damara im 19. Jahrhundert - Martina Gockel 6. Demographische Entwicklung und ökonomie im Norden Namibias zwischen 1900 und 1930 - Carmen Humboldt 7. Hendrik Witbooi und das Versaeumnisurteil: Ein Herrscher der Nama begegnet deutschem Recht in Namibias kolonialer Frühzeit - Harold Sippel Index "Der vorliegende Sammelband vermittelt dem Leser einen Einblick in die vielfältigen Aspekte der laufenden Forschungsprojekte vor allem aus der Abteilung „Raumnutzungs- und Überlebensstrategien“. Grundthese der Untersuchungen ist, daß die im südlichen Afrika ablaufenden Anpassungsprozesse an zunehmend schlechter werdende Umweltbedingungen grundsätzliche Erkenntnisse erlauben, die sich auch auf die wesentlich älteren Prozesse in den heutigen Wüstengebieten Nordost-Afrikas anwenden lassen. Dabei wird mit der Fülle ethnohistorischer und zeitgeschichtlicher Quellen und Methoden ein möglichst breiter geographischer bzw. ethnischer Bereich abgedeckt."</text>
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                <text>Manasse Tjiseseta: Chief of Omaruru 1884-1898, Namibia</text>
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                <text>“Biographies of Namibian leaders of the nineteenth century are rare. We have indepth studies of Hendrik Witbooi, Samuel Maharero and Kahimemua for that period, but few comprehensive analyses of other leading figures. This book, a biography of the Herero chief Manasse Tjiseseta, who reigned in central-western Namibia between 1884 until his death in 1898, is thus to be welcomed. Its importance is enhanced by the fact that the editors of the series have added fourteen documents, including letters written by Tjiseseta himself, reproduced here in facsimile, and providing the reader with a personal glimpse of the chief. Joris de Vries reconstructs the life of one of the first Herero chiefs deeply embedded in a Christian context. He was a schoolteacher for the Rhenish Mission before succeeding his uncle, Tjaherani. He was also one of the first chiefs who had to act in a political environment increasingly influenced by German colonialism. He had to do so much earlier than the later paramount chief Samuel Maharero, whose biography partly resembles that of Tjiseseta. The structural confines of Christianity and colonialism, and the political and economic possibilities these entailed for a chief, became important for all central Namibian Herero polities from the late 1880s onwards. De Vries’ study provides an insight into the skilful means by which a fairly young chief (some 34 years of age at the beginning of his reign) used these contexts to carve autonomous spaces for himself and his people. The author shows convincingly how the particular economic possibilities of the Omaruru region provided an essential power base for the chief. Omaruru was an important commercial centre along several major trade routes connecting western, central and northern Namibia, and Tjiseseta set up a coherent taxation system. In addition, the area provided for regular agricultural activity which, next to the pastoral economy, provided an important source of income. In the case of the Damara community at Okombahe, relations of dependency, including the control of labourers, added to the power base of Tjiseseta and that of several other Herero petty chiefs. As de Vries shows, Tjiseseta played out these economic possibilities and social differences while maintaining political autonomy, not only vis-a-vis the encroaching German military, but also vis-a-vis the dominant Maharero polity. To characterize Tjiseseta as a ‘ tycoon’ (pp. ff.) with respect to his economic ventures and wealth might, however, be an overstatement, not least as he did not act solely by himself but in accordance with a council. This raises the question of the distribution of wealth, and relations with other enterprising Herero families, analyses of which are missing. The analysis of the transformations faced by Tjiseseta in the s (chapter ) remains superficial. While the general lines of conflict with the German administration are well outlined, resulting in the chief losing more and more control, the complexities of the dynamics within the polity are not addressed coherently. A case in point are the transformations of the chief’s relations with the Damara community in Okombahe. De Vries omits an important manoeuvre by Tjiseseta in 1894 through which he transformed the tribute payments of the Okombahe agriculturalists into a lucrative annual revenue granted by the German administration without himself and his petty chiefs losing de facto control of Damara labour, while the Damara chief in turn had to enter into agreement with the German administration for the provision of labour (de Vries only mentions the latter). The case is important as it raises questions about the changing relations between Tjiseseta, his petty chiefs and the Damara population, as well as issues relating to the manipulation of pre-colonial relations of dependence by the Herero elite during the initial phase of German administration. In-depth analyses of these issues are missing. De Vries’ study is a slightly revised version of his MA thesis submitted at the Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden in 1997. This explains the limited source basis on which the book is based. The omission of the rich correspondence of the Rhenish missionaries of Omaruru, Okombahe and Omburu limits de Vries’ understanding of the internal dynamics of the Herero polity and results in a rather sketchy picture of Tjiseseta’s (extended) family. Although the author acknowledges some of the shortcomings (in chapter  and the conclusion), one wonders for example why such important political bodies as the chief’s council and the church council are not analyzed in their own right ? Despite these limitations, the book is a welcome contribution to the biographical and regional studies of central Namibian history. This reviewer hopes that the publisher (who has failed to provide an index) has made it available to the Namibian readership at an affordable price, as it is biographies that often lend themselves much better to discussions of history in its broader contexts than any other so-called history books. -- Dag Henrichsen, Journal of African History”</text>
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                <text>"Farming has thus forcefully shaped human history over the past 11,000 years. But what of Namibia, where agriculture has only been practiced during the last thousand years or so? How has farming changed, and what sections of Namibian society are hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, crop producers or the beneficiaries of surpluses produced by others? What kinds of agriculture may help us escape poverty? Can we produce surpluses that are simply edible, or can they be sold to generate money to buy food grown by other people, perhaps in other countries? And setting ourselves higher goals, how can Namibia secure enough surplus food to have time and energy for technological and economic development? These are big questions. This book focuses on more modest questions, such as: how do Namibians farm and what factors influence agriculture? But without addressing the smaller questions, it may take much longer to get at the bigger challenges."</text>
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                <text>"Bush encroachment is defined as “the invasion and/or thickening of aggressive undesired woody species resulting in an imbalance of the grass:bush ratio, a decrease in biodiversity, and a decrease in carrying capacity”, causing severe economic losses for Namibia – in both the commercial (freehold) and communal (nonfreehold) farming areas. The phenomenon of bush encroachment in Namibian savannas is seen to be part of the process of desertification. The main species causing the encroachment problem are Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens (Black thorn), Dichrostachys cineria (Sickle bush), Terminalia sericea (Silver terminalia), Terminalia prunioides (Purple-pod terminalia), Acacia erubescens (Blue thorn), Acacia reficiens (False umbrella thorn1) and Colophospermum mopane (Mopane). Prosopis species also occur in high densities, mainly in the Nossob, Olifants and Auob Rivers and are spreading outside the river lines into the Kalahari. Large areas in the southern parts of the country are also affected by mainly Rhigozum trichotomum (Three thorn) and even Black thorn. Phase 1 of the Bush Encroachment Research, Monitoring and Management Project was launched to determine • the causes of bush encroachment • the methods most suitable to combat invader bush • the impact of problem bushes on land productivity, biodiversity and the socio-economic situation of farmers • the best methods to monitor long-term changes in terms of bush densities and composition • shortcomings in existing policies and legislation related to the problem, and to propose policy reform, and • outputs such as creating an awareness about bush encroachment and networking to combat the problem."</text>
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